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    Dao vs Jian Swords : The Yin and Yang of Chinese Blades

    Written By: David Mickov
    Published On: April 4, 2023
    Edited by: Juliana Cummings
    Dao vs Jian Swords : The Yin and Yang of Chinese Blades

    Over the centuries, throughout China, many different styles of swords have been used in battle, fighting, ceremonies, and martial arts. They are the Dao, sometimes called a saber, and Jian, which is shorthand and most commonly referred to as the Chinese sword in modern times.

    Both have proven effective and practical in all four of the aforementioned contexts, each serving a unique role. In this article, we will discuss and compare the Chinese saber and sword, as well as explain why and how the Dao saber became the most used Chinese sword in history.

    Design Comparison

    Saber (Dao)Sword (Jian)
    EdgeSingleDouble
    BladeStraight, curvedStraight
    GuardRound, cup, hook, diamondCrescent, narrowed, diamond
    HandleStraight, curvedStraight
    PommelRing, metal cap, curved, narrowed, tassel or lanyardRing, round or diamond style, tassel or lanyard
    Length27.5 to 70 inches (70 to 180 cm)20 to 43 inches (50 to 110 cm)
    Weight1.5 to 4.8 lbs (700 g to 2.2 kg)1.5 to 2.4 lbs (700 g to 1.1 kg)

    Edge

    The blade edge, or the sharpened part of the blade to be utilized for cutting or slashing, is the most obvious and defining feature between the two categories of Chinese swords. Whereas the blade of a Dao saber is always honed on one side, the blade of a Jian is always sharpened on both sides. In other words, Jians are double-edged, and Dao’s are single-edged blades.

    Blade

    A straight Jian Sword (left) and a curved Dao saber (right) – Credits: Dude Songan

    Although the widespread understanding is that a saber is a curved single-edged blade, early Dao blades developed during the Han period were not necessarily curved. They had straight blades for a couple of centuries, but as the employment of cavalry grew in popularity, that edge began to bend, making the curved blades the most common in the Chinese sword arsenal. 

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    Dao Swords

    The Jian is essentially an extension of the traditional Chinese dagger, and its blade is always straight and double-edged.

    Guard

    Guards are the metal pieces mounted on the top of the handle that shields the user’s hands from injury. The guards on Jian swords are the classic Chinese crescent shape, and they may be adjusted to fit closer to the blade or the grip. Both in size and the level of security it provides, it falls short of the Dao guards, who are superior in all respects because they are larger, heavier, and, in most cases, spherical or round. 

    Handle

    The Chinese sword handle is typically straight and designed for one-handed use. The Miao Dao, for example, is a type of larger and longer Chinese saber designed to be wielded with two hands and has a curved handle for increased cutting efficiency.

    Pommel

    Chinese Sabers and Swords next to each other – Credits: Diatrex

    The ring pommel was a Chinese innovation that made it simpler to make a blade with a full tang. Both the Jian sword and the Dao saber would initially have these, but eventually, they would be replaced. The sword’s pommel was either a diamond or a circular Chinese design, while the Dao’s would be a simple metal cap. Usually, a Chinese sword tassel or lanyard is attached to them.

    Length

    Both Dao sabers and Jian swords come in short and long lengths, with the shorter ones typically being one-handed. However, two-handed Dao sabers are significantly longer than their two-handed Jian counterparts.

    Weight

    There is no discernible difference in weight between one-handed Chinese sabers and swords. It’s true that the Dao saber, especially the broad-bladed Dadao, is heavier than the Jian, but that’s because the Jian’s balance point is closer to the middle of the blade. The Dao’s is closer to the end of the blade, where the cutting power is greatest. 

    Uses Comparison

    Saber (Dao)Sword (Jian)
    Thrusting✖️✔️
    Slashing✔️✔️
    Cutting✔️✖️
    Versatility✖️✔️
    Mounted✔️✖️

    Thrusting

    The straight blade and two sharp edges that taper into a thinner blade tip of the Jian sword make it the superior thrusting weapon. Because of this, unlike the curved Dao saber, it may pass through holes in armor and be utilized in half-swording techniques, such as gripping the blade with the hand and utilizing it as a dagger.

    Slashing

    Cutting strikes with the Chinese Dao Sabre – Credits: Champ Archer

    The Jian is commonly thought of as a thrusting sword, but it is also capable of performing deadly slashes comparable to those of a one-handed Dao saber. Despite this, the Chinese sabre’s curved blade makes it a bit more effective at cutting or slicing into flesh and creating larger wounds.

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    Jian Swords

    Cutting

    When it comes to cutting, the Dao saber stands head and shoulders above the Jian sword. Like the Dadao and Niuweidao, these rare versions were made for slashing strikes throughout history and could easily sever body parts. For this reason, Dao sabers are the preferred Chinese execution swords.

    Versatility

    Cutting and thrusting strikes with the Chinese Jian Sword – Credits: Champ Archer

    The Jian sword has greater versatility and adaptability. The fundamental reason for this is that the guard is where most of the sword’s weight is concentrated, allowing for faster and more unpredictable strikes. Because of the double-edged blade, blocks and attacks can be delivered quickly and from any direction.

    Mounted

    The best-mounted Chinese swords are the curved swords or Dao sabres. They have a single edge that curves slightly throughout their length, which is especially useful when coupled with the speed of a horse. It can rip through gaps in armor easily and cause severe wounds. Its curved design prevents it from getting caught on shields or flesh, a major advantage over the Jian swords in history.

    The Better Sword & Replacement

    Making 100.000 Dao sabres was much cheaper than 100.000 Jian swords; Han Dynasty soldiers with Chinese sabers – Credits: Wiki Media

    Finding the best Chinese sword in these two categories is simply impossible because they both have their own purpose and place in combat. However, we believe the Jian sword would be the superior weapon of choice in a one-on-one duel when both combatants are equally skilled with swords, mainly thanks to its versatility and adaptability.

    Although that’s our opinion, China’s history has gone in the other direction. Their preferred weapon of choice was the Dao saber, which was the preferred blade by both civilians and soldiers alike. It must be noted that this switch wasn’t gradually done by the soldiers, but the choice of the institution of the Military in the Han Dynasty, and most likely during Han Wudi’s reign (~150 BC).

    There are four main factors as to why this happened.

    • Economy – Dao sabres were cheaper to produce
    • Utility & Durability – single-edged blade is easier to maintain
    • Mastering the Weapon – the Dao single-edge sabre is much easier to use with hacking strikes
    • Effectiveness – Chinese sabres were as effective as the sword, and especially popular with the increase of the cavalry forces
    Sources Cited

    u003colu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eBennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com/books?id=gsAzswEACAAJu0026amp;dq=Chinese+Arms+and+Armouru0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwjphbDF7aiFAxV6cGwGHZwlCw8Q6AF6BAgEEAIu0022u003eChinese Arms and Armouru003c/au003eu0022. Books.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eRodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=8rObpwAACAAJu0026amp;dq=Chinese+Swordsmanship+%E2%80%93+the+Yang+Family+Taiji+Jian+Traditionu0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwiY0ZHM7aiFAxV4RmwGHcYmD24Q6AF6BAgQEAEu0022u003eChinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu003c/au003eu0022.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003ePegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3MU0jgEACAAJu0026amp;dq=Chinese+Swords:+An+Ancient+Tradition+and+Modern+Trainingu0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwi718zR7aiFAxXmXWwGHck5BuAQ6AF6BAgHEAIu0022u003eChinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu003c/au003eu0022.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eSprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com/books?id=aTpbngEACAAJu0026amp;dq=Chinese+Swords:+The+Evolution+and+Use+of+the+Jian+and+Daou0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwjt-JPW7aiFAxVNXGwGHcXzC8wQ6AF6BAgGEAIu0022u003eChinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou003c/au003eu0022.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eYang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=U_XpnAAACAAJu0026amp;dq=Ancient+Chinese+Weapons:+A+Martial+Arts+Guideu0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0iNva7aiFAxV6e2wGHRYMAEoQ6AF6BAgCEAIu0022u003eAncient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu003c/au003eu0022.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eZhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eQjLjqo774QCu0026amp;printsec=frontcoveru0026amp;dq=The+Complete+Taiji+Dao:+The+Art+of+the+Chinese+Saberu0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwiZpenf7aiFAxVTfGwGHe8dB-EQ6AF6BAgKEAIu0022u003eThe Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu003c/au003eu0022. Blue Snakeu003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eu0022Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0022. (2010, May 1)u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eBurton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com/books?id=NFyCDwAAQBAJu0026amp;printsec=frontcoveru0026amp;dq=The+Book+of+the+Sword:+A+History+of+Daggers,+Sabers,+and+Scimitars+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Modern+Dayu0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwiRs_7p7aiFAxVTfGwGHe8dB-EQ6AF6BAgNEAIu0022u003eThe Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu003c/au003eu0022.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ern tu003cliu003eu003cspan data-sheets-root=u00221u0022 data-sheets-value=u0022{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:2,u0026quot;2u0026quot;:u0026quot;1. Bennett, N. (2018, December 1). u0026quot;Chinese Arms and Armouru0026quot;. Books.n2. Rodell, S. M. (2005, September 1). u0026quot;Chinese Swordsmanship – the Yang Family Taiji Jian Traditionu0026quot;.n3. Pegg, R., Yang, T., u0026amp; Figler, R. (2015, August 27). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: An Ancient Tradition and Modern Trainingu0026quot;.n4. Sprague, M. (2013, June 25). u0026quot;Chinese Swords: The Evolution and Use of the Jian and Daou0026quot;.n5. Yang, J. M. (1999, March 9). u0026quot;Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Arts Guideu0026quot;.n6. Zhang, Y. (2009, June 23). u0026quot;The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saberu0026quot;. Blue Snaken7. u0026quot;Chinese Swords: Chinese Swords, Seven-Branched Sword, Jian, Dao, Guan Dao, Hook Sword, Sword of Goujian, Taijijian, Butterfly Sword, Zhanmadaou0026quot;. (2010, May 1)n8. Burton, R. F. (2014, April 1). u0026quot;The Book of the Sword: A History of Daggers, Sabers, and Scimitars from Ancient Times to the Modern Dayu0026quot;.n9. Wilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0026quot;The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u0026quot;.u0026quot;}u0022 data-sheets-userformat=u0022{u0026quot;2u0026quot;:513,u0026quot;3u0026quot;:{u0026quot;1u0026quot;:0},u0026quot;12u0026quot;:0}u0022u003eWilkinson, E. P. (1991, January 1). u0022u003ca href=u0022https://books.google.com/books?id=VzaeAQAACAAJu0026amp;dq=The+History+of+Imperial+China:+A+Research+Guide:+Vol.+No.+49u0026amp;hl=enu0026amp;newbks=1u0026amp;newbks_redir=1u0026amp;sa=Xu0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwid98Hv7aiFAxUPUGwGHZggAxsQ6AF6BAgHEAEu0022u003eThe History of Imperial China: A Research Guide: Vol. No. 49u003c/au003eu0022.u003c/spanu003eu003c/liu003ernu003c/olu003e

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