Sword Terminology

A sword designed for actual combat rather than decorative purposes. These swords are made with high-quality materials, properly tempered, and sharpened for effective use.

A wide-bladed sword designed for slashing. Broadswords were prevalent in many cultures and are often associated with medieval European knights.

A bar situated perpendicular to the blade, just above the hilt. The crossguard protects the wielder's hand from an opponent's blade and prevents the hand from sliding onto the sharp edge.

A type of steel characterized by distinctive patterns resembling flowing water. Damascus steel blades are known for their toughness, edge sharpness, and unique aesthetics from repeated folding and forging.

A distinct groove or channel running along a blade's flat side. The Fuller lightens the sword and adds rigidity, often mistakenly referred to as the "blood groove."

A metal collar that wraps around the base of a Japanese sword blade. The Habaki ensures the sword fits snugly into its scabbard and also acts as a stopper against the hand guard.

The visible temper line on a Japanese sword blade. The Hamon results from differential heat treatment and showcases the blade's artistic and functional aspects.

Also known as a "bastard sword," this weapon can be wielded with one or both hands. Its versatility in handling made it popular during the medieval period.

The hilt comprises the handle, guard, grip, and pommel of a sword. It's essential for a wielder's grip, ensuring balance and control during combat or practice.

The outer layer of a Japanese sword blade, Jigane showcases unique grain patterns. It contrasts with the harder core steel, revealing the craftsmanship and forging techniques.

Resulting from intricate forging processes, the Jihada is the visible grain pattern on a Japanese sword blade, showcasing the metal's layered structure.

Positioned at the handle's end on Japanese swords, the Kashira is a pommel cap. It not only secures the handle wrapping but also serves as a decorative element.

A traditional Japanese tool, often accompanying a sword in its scabbard. The Kogai served various purposes, including as a hairpin or a tool for personal grooming.

The term for a fully mounted Japanese sword. Koshirae encompasses the blade, its various fittings, and the scabbard, reflecting both aesthetic beauty and functional design.

A classification system devised by historian Ewart Oakeshott to categorize medieval European swords based on blade shape, length, and other design features. It's a widely accepted system in the study of historical weaponry.

The counterweight at the end of a sword's hilt. The pommel balances the blade and can be used as a striking surface in close combat. Its design often complements the sword's overall aesthetics.

Holding a sword with the blade pointing downward is a reverse grip. This technique facilitates swift slashing or stabbing, often catching adversaries off-guard.

The flat, unsharpened section of a blade just above the hilt. The Ricasso allows the wielder to place a finger for better control and leverage during combat.

A sheath designed to house a sword's blade. The scabbard, often made of wood or leather, protects the blade from damage and the user from unintended injuries.

The softer core steel found in traditional Japanese swords. Shingane provides flexibility and resilience, preventing the blade from breaking upon impact.

A Japanese blade housed in a plain wooden mounting. Often used for storage or transportation, the Shirasaya lacks the usual ornate fittings of a fully mounted sword.

A traditional Japanese steel used in the crafting of samurai swords. Tamahagane is made from iron sand and charcoal, resulting in a metal with varied carbon content, ideal for different parts of the blade.

A Japanese practice of test cutting using a sword. Tameshigiri often involves cutting rolled mats or bamboo to gauge a sword's sharpness and the wielder's technique.

A protective hand guard on Japanese swords, the Tsuba can be round, square, or other shapes. It safeguards the hand from the blade and deflects opposing strikes.

The art of wrapping the handle of a katana. Tsuka Maki ensures a firm grip while adding aesthetic value, often using materials like silk or leather.

These are file marks present on the tang (nakago) of Japanese swords. Yasurime can offer insights into the swordsmith's identity or the manufacturing school.

A term referring to the blade's shape and construction in Japanese swords. Different "Zukuri" types exist, like "Shinogi-Zukuri" or "Hira-Zukuri," each with unique profiles.